Basic Life Support Course

Chapter 2 Why Basic Life Support (BLS)?

Basic Life Support (BLS) is important because it encompasses the essential skills and knowledge needed to sustain life in emergencies, particularly before advanced medical care arrives. Here are key reasons why BLS is crucial:

1. Immediate Response: BLS provides critical care during the initial minutes of a medical emergency, significantly impacting the victim’s chances of survival and recovery.
2. Cardiac Arrest: It includes CPR, which helps maintain circulation and breathing in individuals experiencing cardiac arrest, preserving vital organ function.
3. Choking: BLS techniques such as the Heimlich maneuver can relieve airway obstructions caused by choking, preventing suffocation.
4. Accessible: BLS training is designed for both healthcare professionals and the general public, ensuring widespread ability to respond effectively in emergencies.
5. Stabilization: BLS helps stabilize victims until advanced medical services arrive, providing a crucial link in the chain of survival.
6. Prevention of Deterioration: Prompt BLS intervention can prevent the condition of the victim from worsening, buying precious time for more advanced treatment to be applied.

In summary, BLS is vital as it equips individuals with the skills to provide immediate and effective care in life-threatening situations, improving outcomes and saving lives.

Chapter 3 The CPR Survival Chain

Objective: Understanding the critical steps in the Chain of Survival for effective emergency response. The CPR Survival Chain constitutes a critical series of steps indispensable for optimizing survival prospects in cardiac emergencies. Each link within this chain is pivotal, collectively contributing to enhanced outcomes for the individual in distress. Proficient comprehension and precise execution of each step hold the potential to markedly elevate the probability of saving a life.

Link 1: Early Recognition and Activation

The first link in the CPR Survival Chain is early recognition and swift activation. Recognizing the signs of a cardiac emergency and activating emergency services promptly set the stage for a coordinated and efficient response. We delve into the importance of keen observation, quick decision-making, and the crucial steps in activating the emergency response system.

Link 2: Immediate High-Quality CPR

The heartbeat of the CPR Survival Chain lies in immediate, high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Participants will be guided through the essentials of effective chest compressions, understanding the depth, rate, and technique required to maintain blood circulation and oxygenation. We emphasize the significance of starting CPR without delay and the impact it has on the chances of survival.

Link 3: Rapid Defibrillation

Early defibrillation is the third crucial link. This section focuses on the proper use of Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs) – life-saving devices designed to restore a normal heart rhythm. Participants will gain confidence in recognizing when and how to use AEDs and understanding the pivotal role they play in cases of sudden cardiac arrest.

Link 4: Advanced Medical Care

The fourth link emphasizes the seamless transition from basic life support to advanced medical care. Participants will explore the importance of collaboration with advanced medical providers, recognizing when to hand over care, and understanding the continuum of support needed for the best possible outcomes. By embracing and mastering “The CPR Survival Chain,” participants not only become proficient in life-saving techniques but also embody a commitment to excellence in emergency response. Every link is crucial, and every step taken contributes to the well-being and survival of those in need. Join us on this transformative journey through the CPR Survival Chain and become an empowered, confident responder, making a significant difference in emergency situations.

Chapter 4 Compressions-Airway-Breathing (C-A-B)

In the event of a cardiac emergency, knowing the sequence of actions for effective Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is crucial. The C-A-B approach is a fundamental principle that guides the steps required to resuscitate an unresponsive individual. This chapter focuses on the sequence of actions to perform CPR effectively:

1. Compressions (C) : Understanding the significance of chest compressions in CPR. We’ll cover the correct hand placement, depth, and rate of compressions necessary to circulate oxygenated blood throughout the body.
2. Airway (A): Establishing and maintaining an open airway is essential to ensure effective breathing. The upcoming chapter will discuss the methods to clear the victim’s airway obstruction and position the head correctly for optimal air exchange.
3. Breathing (B): Administering rescue breaths properly can provide essential oxygen to the victim’s lungs and bloodstream. We’ll explain the technique for delivering rescue breaths, the correct ratio of breaths to compressions, and considerations for rescue breathing in different situations.

This chapter aims to provide comprehensive guidance on the C-A-B sequence, enabling you to perform critical CPR techniques confidently and effectively. Understanding the correct sequence and techniques is vital for maximizing the chances of survival during cardiac emergencies.

Chapter 5 Assessing the Situation

Before initiating Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR), a thorough assessment of the victim’s condition is essential. This chapter focuses on the critical steps involved in assessing an individual in need of CPR:

1. Scene Safety: Safety is paramount. Learn how to assess the scene for potential dangers or hazards before approaching the victim. Ensure the environment is safe for both you and the victim before proceeding. In addition, gather any available personal protective gear before approaching the victim.
2. Victim Responsiveness:
   • Determine if the victim is conscious and responsive. Learn various methods to check for responsiveness, including calling out, tapping the victim, and assessing for any response or movement.
   • Use verbal cues like “Are you okay?” and physical prompts to check for responsiveness. If the victim is unresponsive, proceed with the following steps.

   

   
   
3. Activate Emergency Medical Services (EMS): If the victim is unresponsive or unconscious, instruct someone to call emergency services (such as 911 or local emergency number). If alone, activate EMS yourself before beginning CPR.

   

   
   
4. Check for Normal Breathing:
   • Assess the victim’s breathing pattern. Learn how to look, listen, and feel for any signs of normal breathing within 10 seconds.
   • Recognize that infrequent gasps or agonal respirations do not signify normal breathing.

   

   
   
5. Assessing Pulse:
   • Check for the presence or absence of a pulse in no more than 10 seconds. Learn the correct locations to check for pulse, such as the carotid artery in the neck. (Place your index and middle fingers just below the jawline, beside the neck, and gently press to feel the carotid pulse.)
   • Note: For adults and children, verify the pulse by placing your index and middle fingers just below the jawline, beside the neck, and gently press to feel the carotid pulse. When assessing an infant’s pulse, focus on the brachial artery, positioned on the inside of the upper arm.

   

6. Assess for Severe Bleeding or Other Obvious Injuries: While performing the primary assessment, check for severe bleeding or obvious injuries that may require immediate attention before ing CPR.

   

   
   

Understanding these critical assessment steps is vital for determining the need for CPR and initiating life-saving interventions promptly. This chapter provides detailed guidance on performing a quick and efficient assessment, enabling you to make informed decisions and take necessary actions during emergencies requiring CPR.

Chapter 6 Adult Compressions

*Note: An adult in the context of CPR emergencies refers to individuals who have undergone or completed puberty.*

Steps for Administering Chest Compressions to an Adult:

1. Position yourself beside the victim.
2. Ensure the victim is lying on their back on a stable, level surface.
3. If the victim is unconscious and face down, turn them face-up while supporting the head, neck, and back.
4. Promptly remove any clothing obstructing the chest area.
5. Adopt the appropriate hand placement for chest compressions:
   • Position the heel of your hand on the breastbone, situated between the nipples.
   • Place the other hand on top of the first hand, interlocking the fingers.
     

     

     
     
   • Keep the fingers clear of the chest.
6. Assume the correct body posture for CPR: Kneel down, maintain straight arms positioned over the chest, and align your shoulders above your hands. Ensure your elbows are locked.
7. Administer 30 forceful and rapid compressions: Push at least 2 inches (5 cm) but no more than 2.4 inches deep. Maintain a rate of at least 100 to 120 compressions per minute.
8. Chest Recoil: Ensure the chest rises fully after each compression. Do not lean on the victim’s chest after each compression cycle.

~REMEMBER 30 COMPRESSIONS~

HANDS ONLY CPR Cycle:

• If you witness a sudden cardiac arrest, skip mouth-to-mouth breathing. Performing chest compressions alone, known as “Hands Only” CPR, until help arrives, can be just as effective as full mouth-to-mouth CPR.
• WHO’S IT FOR? Any adult who collapses, stops breathing, and is unresponsive. Mouth-to-mouth breaths are still necessary for children, infants, and drowning victims.
• WHAT TO DO: First, activate Emergency Medical Services (EMS) or ask a bystander to do so. Then, press hard and fast, approximately 100–120 times per minute, on the middle of the victim’s chest. Continue until EMS arrives, an AED becomes available, or you are too tired to continue.

Two-Rescuer Technique:

• Utilized when a second rescuer is available for assistance:
  1. Allow the second rescuer to activate the Emergency Response System (dial 9-1-1) and retrieve the AED.
  2. The first rescuer should remain with the victim, prepared to remove clothing from the chest and initiate CPR.
  3. When both rescuers are present with the victim, they should alternate performing 30 chest compressions, switching approximately every 2 minutes.
  4. Rescuers should remind each other to push down at least 2 inches but no more than 2.4 inches deep and monitor for proper chest recoil.
     

     

Adult CPR: Airway And Breaths

Following every set of 30 compressions, proceed to open the airway and provide two rescue breaths, one breath per second. Your ability to administer breaths will further assist the victim. Before administering breaths, it’s crucial to clear the airway and confirm there are no blockages, with the tongue being a common obstruction. If there’s a visible foreign object that can be easily removed, take it out. Engage in the head-tilt chin-lift maneuver or a jaw thrust maneuver.

Opening of the Airway:

Performing a Head Tilt-Chin Lift:

Adhere to these steps for executing a head tilt-chin lift:

• Position one hand on the victim’s forehead, using your palm to gently tilt the head backward.
• Place the fingers of your other hand under the bony section of the lower jaw, near the chin.
• Elevate the jaw to bring the chin forward.

While conducting a head tilt-chin lift, ensure to:

• Refrain from exerting excessive pressure under the chin, as this might obstruct the airway.
• Avoid completely closing the victim’s mouth.
• Tilt the head back while pinching the nose with one hand. Simultaneously, use the other hand to lift the chin, effectively opening the airway.

Jaw Thrust Maneuver:

When the head tilt-chin lift is ineffective or in cases of suspected spinal injury, resort to the jaw thrust technique. Follow these steps to execute a jaw thrust:

1. Position yourself at the victim’s head.
2. Place one hand on either side of the victim’s head, possibly resting your elbows on the surface supporting the victim.
3. With fingers positioned beneath the angle of the victim’s lower jaw, employ both hands to lift and push the jaw forward.
4. In case the victim’s lips close, utilize your thumbs to separate the lower lip, ensuring the lips remain parted.

If the jaw thrust fails to open the airway, resort to a head tilt-chin lift.

Breaths:

Ensure the airway is open, pinch the nose, and deliver air into the victim’s mouth. Seal your mouth firmly over theirs; use a protective barrier if accessible. Administer 2 breaths, each lasting for one (1) second. Confirm that the chest rises and falls between each breath.

Methods to Administer Rescue Breaths for CPR:

~Mouth-to-Mouth Technique:

• Ensure the airway is clear of any obstructions.
• Tilt the head back slightly to open the airway.
• Pinch the victim’s nose shut.
• Take a normal breath, make a complete seal over the victim’s mouth, and deliver a breath that lasts about one second.
• Watch for the chest to rise and fall.

~Mouth-to-Nose Technique:

• If mouth-to-mouth is not possible, you can use the mouth-to-nose technique.
• Seal your mouth over the victim’s nose and give a breath, watching for chest rise.

~Bag-Valve-Mask (BVM) Device:

• Use a bag-valve-mask device if available.
• Ensure a proper seal over the victim’s mouth and nose.
• Squeeze half of the bag to deliver breaths.

~Barrier Devices:

• Use a CPR face mask or shield to prevent direct contact.
• Position the mask over the victim’s mouth and nose, ensuring a secure seal.
• Deliver breaths through the one-way valve.

Note: If the breaths you provide do not enter, continue performing chest compressions following the 30:2 ratio until the breaths are effective. Avoid pausing compressions for more than 10 seconds. Continue the cycle of 30 chest compressions and 2 rescue breaths, maintaining a rate of at least 100 to 120 compressions per minute until the arrival of an AED, EMS, or the victim exhibits signs of breathing (signs of life). If the individual s breathing, gently roll them onto their left side into a Recovery Position while awaiting EMS. In the recovery position, any vomit or fluids will naturally drain from the mouth. When moving the victim, take special care to support the neck, head, and back.

Note: Hands-only CPR is a critical, life-saving technique ideal for situations when a person does not feel comfortable performing mouth-to-mouth resuscitation or lacks a face shield, pocket mask, or bag valve mask device.

Adult CPR: Putting It all Together

Having familiarized yourself with the specifics of adhering to the C-A-B method and executing Compressions, Opening the Airway, and Providing Breaths, let’s combine the Adult CPR technique!

• Ensure the safety of the environment and don personal protective equipment (PPE) if available.
• Gently tap on the shoulders and loudly ask, “Are you okay?” to assess the victim’s responsiveness.
• If available, call for assistance.
• Dial 9-1-1 and retrieve the AED.
• Check for a Pulse and Breathing: Take at least 5 seconds, but no more than 10 seconds to check for a pulse and breathing.
• Administer 30 chest compressions, maintaining a depth of 2 inches (5 cm).
• Open the airway using the head-tilt chin-lift technique or jaw thrust technique.
• Provide 2 breaths, each lasting 1 second.
• Continue the cycle of 30 compressions and 2 rescue breaths until help arrives, aiming for a rate of 100 to 120 compressions per minute.
• Don’t forget to reassess the victim after 2 minutes for breathing and pulse.

Chapter 7 Automated External Defibrillator (AED)

An Automated External Defibrillator (AED) delivers an electric shock to the heart, restoring the heart to a regular rhythm. This device guides you through the process step-by-step and prompts you to press a button if it identifies the need for a shock. AEDs are user-friendly devices, enabling both laypersons and healthcare providers to safely attempt defibrillation. A diagram will indicate pad placement and when to resume compressions. If a second rescuer is present, they can assist in attaching AED pads while the first rescuer continues CPR.

The timely use of an AED significantly increases the survival rate of a victim experiencing a cardiac emergency to approximately 30-70 percent.

• Avoid contact with the individual while the AED is analyzing , as there’s a risk of being shocked during the defibrillation process. Be cautious.
• Do not utilize an AED on someone in contact with water; move them away from any water source and wipe off their chest before defibrillating.

An AED can be used on a victim with an implanted device. Simply place the pads below or next to the implanted device, ensuring they are not directly on top of it to prevent the energy from being absorbed by the device. Before defibrillation, remove visible medication patches from the victim while wearing disposable gloves. Ensure the shock pads are placed on clean, dry skin; shave if necessary, and make certain the chest is dry.

Steps for Using an AED:

1. Assess the Situation:
   • Ensure the safety of the surroundings.
   • Check the responsiveness of the victim and activate emergency services (call 911 or your local emergency number).
2. Turn on the AED:
   • Locate and turn on the AED. Most AEDs have a power button that is easily visible.
3. Follow Voice or Screen Prompts:
   • AEDs are designed to provide step-by-step instructions through voice prompts or a screen display.
   • Listen carefully to the voice prompts or follow the visual instructions.
4. Attach Electrode Pads:
   • Attach the electrode pads to the victim’s bare chest as shown in the diagram on the pads.
   • Place one pad on the upper right chest, just below the collarbone.
   • Place the other pad on the lower left side of the chest, just below the armpit.
5. Ensure Clear Chest:
   • Ensure that the chest is dry and clear of any medication patches, excessive chest hair, or other obstructions.
6. Analyze Heart Rhythm:
   • Let the AED analyze the victim’s heart rhythm. Ensure that no one is touching the victim during this analysis.
7. Follow Prompts for Shock or CPR:
   • If the AED advises a shock, make sure everyone is clear, and then press the shock button.
   • If no shock is advised, follow the AED’s prompts for initiating CPR.
8. Perform CPR as Instructed:
   • If CPR is advised, follow the AED’s instructions for chest compressions and rescue breaths until emergency medical personnel arrive.
9. Continue as Directed:
   • Continue following the AED’s prompts until emergency services take over, the victim s breathing on their own, or you are too exhausted to continue.
   • After initiating CPR and following AED prompts, it’s important to reassess the victim’s condition every 2 minutes for pulse and breathing.

Never power off the AED or remove the pads. The machine will prompt you to CPR after delivering the shock.

For child/infant AED usage:

• The device will guide you to use child pads or a specific child key/switch. If child pads aren’t available, use adult pads. If using child pads, place one pad on the front of the chest and another on the back.

(Using an AED on a Child)

(Using an AED on an Infant)

Please note: Begin CPR immediately if the AED is unavailable!

Chapter 8 Child CPR

Typically, a child’s cardiac arrest is often due to a breathing-related issue. Hence, the integration of breaths with compressions holds significant importance for children. When addressing a child during a CPR emergency, adhere to the same procedures for compressions, airway, and breathing as outlined for adults. However, below are the

SPECIFIC GUIDELINES for CHILD CPR:

Witnessing a Collapse:

For witnessed collapse incidents, proceed with the steps intended for adults and adolescents in CPR.

Unwitnessed Collapse:

In cases of unwitnessed collapse, perform CPR for 2 minutes initially. Then, temporarily leave the victim to activate the emergency response system and acquire the AED. Return promptly to the child or infant and resume CPR, utilizing the AED as soon as it becomes accessible. Child CPR involves specific techniques tailored for infants and children. Here is a guide on how to administer CPR to a child:

1. Assess the Situation:
• Check the surroundings for safety.
• Tap the child and shout loudly to assess responsiveness.
2. Activate Emergency Response:
• If the child is unresponsive, immediately call 911 or your local emergency number.
3. Open the Airway/breathing:
• Place the child on their back on a firm surface.
• Tilt the head back slightly to open the airway.
• Look, listen, and feel for signs of breathing for no more than 10 seconds.
• If the child is not breathing or only gasping, begin CPR.
4. Check for Pulse:
• Check for carotid pulse, taking at least 5 seconds no more than 10 seconds.





5. Chest Compressions:
• Compression to breath ratio: 30:2 (two rescuers: 15:2).
  • For a child (1 to 8 years old), use one or two hands for chest compressions.
    • Allow the chest to fully recoil between compressions.

Position the heel of one hand at the chest’s center, placed between the nipples. Using the second hand might not be necessary unless required to ensure proper compression. Similar to adult CPR, administer forceful and rapid compressions of approximately 2 inches(5cm) deep, maintaining a rate of at least 100 to 120 compressions per minute. The methods for managing the airway and providing breaths are identical to those used for adults. Please Note: 1 hand compression is optional.





6. Rescue Breaths:
   • Provide 2 rescue breaths after 30 compressions.
   • Use the mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose technique for two breaths.
   • Each breath should last about one second and make the chest rise.
7. Continue CPR:
   • Continue the cycle of 30 compressions and 2 rescue breaths.
   • Continue until the child s breathing on their own, emergency medical personnel arrive, or you are too exhausted to continue.
8. Use an AED (if available):
   • If an automated external defibrillator (AED) is available, follow the device’s prompts for

Chapter 9 Infant CPR

Typically, an infant’s cardiac arrest occurs due to a breathing-related issue. Hence, the combination of breaths with compressions holds great significance for infants. The procedure for addressing an infant mirrors that for responding to a child, with the infant CPR it involves specific techniques tailored for babies under the age of one. Infant CPR involves specific techniques tailored for babies under the age of one. Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to administer CPR to an infant:

• Infant: Younger than 1 year.

1. Assess the Situation:
   • Ensure the safety of the surroundings.
   • Tap the infant foot and shout loudly to assess responsiveness.
   • Place the infant on a firm surface, such as a table or the ground.
2. Activate Emergency Response:
   • If the infant is unresponsive, immediately call 911 or your local emergency number.
3. Open the Airway/breathing:
   • Place the infant on their back on a firm surface.
   • Tilt the head back slightly to open the airway.
   • Look, listen, and feel for signs of breathing for no more than 10 seconds.
   • If the infant is not breathing or only gasping, begin CPR.
4. Check for Pulse:
   • Check for brachial pulse, taking at least 5 seconds no more than 10 seconds.

   

   
   
5. Chest Compressions:
   • Compression to breath ratio: 30:2 (two rescuers: 15:2).
   • For one resuser use two fingers (index and middle finger) to compress the infant’s chest just below the nipple line or for two rescuers use the thumbs to compress the chest just below the nipple line. If using the thumb technique, encircle the infant’s chest with your hands.
   • Compress the chest at least 1.5 inches(4cm) deep at a rate of about 100-120 compressions per minute.
   • Allow the chest to fully recoil between compressions.

   

   
   
6. Rescue Breaths:
   • Provide 2 rescue breaths after 30 compressions.
   • Airway: While tilting an infant’s head to open the airway, take care not to push the head too far backward, as this might obstruct the infant’s air passage.
   • To provide rescue breaths to an infant, either cover the infant’s nose and mouth with your mouth, or pinch the infant’s nose shut using your thumb and index finger to prevent air from escaping. Ensure a tight seal over the infant’s mouth, preventing any air from escaping during the process. Additionally, if you are a healthcare professional and have access to one, consider using a bag-valve-mask device for ventilation.

   

   
   
7. Continue CPR:
   • Continue the cycle of 30 compressions and 2 rescue breaths.
8. Use an AED (if available):
   • If an automated external defibrillator (AED) is available, follow the device’s prompts for use.

Chapter 10 Overview — Adult, Child, and Infant CPR Guidelines

CPR for Adults/Adolescents

Assessment and Initial Steps

• Assess the victim’s responsiveness by asking if they are okay.
• Check for carotid pulse and look, listen, and feel for signs of breathing for 5-10 seconds.
  • Check for signs of life.
• Before performing CPR, activate Emergency Medical Services (EMS) or have someone else call.
  • Follow C-A-B: Compression, Airway, Breathing.
• Hand Placement: 2 hands on the lower half of the breastbone.
• Compression Rate: 100-120 compressions per minute.
• Compressions: At least 2 inches (5 cm) depth.
• Compression to Breath Ratio: 30:2 for one or two rescuers.
• Two Rescuers: Perform tasks simultaneously.
• Utilize AED as soon as possible.

CPR for Children

Assessment and Initial Steps

• Assess the victim’s responsiveness by asking if they are okay.
• Check for carotid pulse and look, listen, and feel for signs of breathing for 5-10 seconds.
• Ensure there are no obstructions in the victim’s airway.

CPR for Children (Age 1 Year to Puberty)

• Witnessed Collapse: Activate Emergency Medical Services (EMS) or have someone call.
• Unwitnessed Collapse: Perform CPR for 2 minutes, then activate Emergency Medical Services (EMS) or have someone call.
• Follow C-A-B: Compression, Airway, Breathing.
• Hand Placement: 2 hands on the lower half of the breastbone. Optional: You can place 1 hand on the lower half of the breastbone for very small children, typically 1-5 years old.
• Compression Rate: 100-120 compressions per minute.
• Compressions: Approximately 2 inches (5 cm) to 1/3 AP diameter of the chest.
• Compression to Breath Ratio: One rescuer 30:2 and two rescuers 15:2.
• Two Rescuers: Perform tasks simultaneously.
• Utilize AED as soon as possible.

CPR for Infants

Assessment and Initial Steps

• Assess the victim’s responsiveness by asking if they are okay.
• Check for brachial pulse and look, listen, and feel for signs of breathing for 5-10 seconds.
• Ensure there are no obstructions in the victim’s airway.

CPR for Infants (Age Less Than 1 Year, Excluding Newborns)

• Witnessed Collapse: Activate Emergency Medical Services (EMS) or ask someone to call.
• Unwitnessed Collapse: Perform CPR for 2 minutes, then activate Emergency Medical Services (EMS) or have someone call.
• Follow C-A-B: Compression, Airway, Breathing.
• Hand Placement:
  • 1 rescuer: Place 2 fingers on the center of the chest, just below the nipple line.
  • 2 or more rescuers: Use 2 thumb encircling hands on the center of the chest, just below the nipple line.
• Compression Rate: 100-120 compressions per minute.
• Compressions: 1.5 inches (4 cm) to 1/3 AP diameter of the chest.
• Compression to Breath Ratio: One rescuer 30:2 and two rescuers 15:2.
• Two Rescuers: Perform tasks simultaneously.
• Utilize AED as soon as possible.

Chapter 11 Airway Obstruction

Choking: Adult/Child

Choking Overview

Choking occurs when an object becomes lodged in the throat or windpipe, blocking the flow of air. Welcome to a comprehensive guide on responding to choking incidents in both adults and children. Choking is a serious emergency that demands immediate attention and the right set of skills. This chapter aims to equip you with the knowledge and techniques necessary to recognize and effectively respond to choking emergencies in individuals of different age groups.

Understanding Choking

Common Causes:

• Food
• Inadequate Chewing
• Dentures
• Medical Conditions
• Foreign Objects
• Respiratory Issues

Signs and Symptoms:

• Difficulty breathing, inability to speak, and cyanosis are the most common signs of choking.

Assess the Situation:

• Ensure your safety and the safety of the adult/child.
• Ask the adult/child if they are choking and if they need help.
• If an adult or child is choking, they might indicate it using the universal choking sign, demonstrated by holding the neck with one or both hands.

Encourage Coughing:

• If the adult or child is conscious and able to cough, encourage them to cough forcefully to try and dislodge the object.

In case of choking, inquire, “Are you choking?” If the individual nods or can’t breathe or respond, inform them that you are CPR-trained and ready to assist.

Performing Abdominal Thrusts:

1. Position yourself behind the victim by standing or kneeling.
2. Create a fist with one hand and place it on the abdomen, just above the belly button.
3. Clasp your fist with the other hand a couple of inches above their navel and administer quick, upward abdominal thrusts.
4. Continue these thrusts until the obstruction is cleared, enabling the victim to breathe or cough vigorously, OR until the victim becomes unconscious and call for help.

Special Considerations:

• For pregnant women or individuals larger than you, perform chest thrusts instead of abdominal thrusts.

If the Adult or Child Becomes Unconscious:

• Proceed with the steps for administering adult/child CPR.
• Before initiating rescue breaths (30:2 compression-to-breath ratio), check inside the mouth. If you see an object, use your finger to scoop it out.
• If the object is not visible, proceed with rescue breaths.
• Never perform a blind finger sweep to avoid causing further harm.

Choking: Infant

In the event of a conscious choking infant unable to cough, cry, or breathe, you should proceed with 5 back blows and 5 chest thrusts by following these guidelines:

1. Place the infant face-up on your forearm with their head positioned lower than your chest. Ensure proper support for the head and neck by firmly holding it in your palm.
2. Transition the infant face-down while maintaining support with your forearm on your thigh.
3. Administer 5 back blows between the infant’s shoulder blades using the heel of your hand.
4. If the object remains lodged after the back blows, revert the infant to a face-up position and deliver 5 chest thrusts.
5. For chest thrusts, press down with two to three fingers at the center of the infant’s chest, like the technique used in infant CPR.

Continue alternating between back blows and chest thrusts until the object is expelled, the infant starts responding, or the infant loses consciousness.

Guidelines for Unconscious Infant

In the case of an unconscious infant, proceed with the steps for performing infant CPR. Before initiating rescue breaths (30:2 compression-to-breath ratio), check inside the mouth. If you see an object, use your finger to scoop it out. If the object is not visible, proceed with rescue breaths. Never perform a blind finger sweep to avoid causing further harm.

Chapter 12 Team Dynamics in Basic Life Support (BLS)

In the realm of Basic Life Support (BLS), effective teamwork is a cornerstone that can significantly impact the outcomes of life-threatening emergencies. This chapter is dedicated to exploring the essential concept of Team Dynamics within the context of BLS, emphasizing the collaborative efforts that contribute to a more coordinated and efficient response.

Understanding Team Dynamics

Team Dynamics in BLS refers to the interactions, communication, and collaboration among healthcare professionals and first responders during resuscitation efforts. In an emergency scenario, a well-coordinated team enhances the delivery of high-quality care, improves decision-making, and ultimately increases the chances of positive patient outcomes.

Key Components of Team Dynamics in BLS

1. Roles and Responsibilities: Clearly defined roles ensure that each team member knows their specific responsibilities. This includes tasks such as chest compressions, airway management, AED operation, and communication with emergency medical services.
2. Effective Communication: Open and clear communication is critical during high-stress situations. Team members must convey information succinctly, share observations, and respond to changes in the patient’s condition promptly.
3. Leadership and Followership: Strong leadership helps guide the team’s actions and decisions. However, effective followership is equally important, with team members contributing their expertise and insights to the collective effort.
4. Adaptability: Emergency situations can be dynamic and unpredictable. A successful team in BLS is one that can adapt quickly to changing circumstances, adjusting roles and strategies as needed.
5. Closed-Loop Communication: Confirming and verifying information through closed-loop communication ensures that messages are accurately received and understood. This reduces the risk of misunderstandings and errors.

Team Training and Simulation

Training is a crucial component of fostering effective Team Dynamics in BLS. Regular simulations and drills allow team members to practice coordination, communication, and critical interventions in a controlled environment. These simulations not only improve individual skills but also enhance the team’s ability to work cohesively under pressure.

Cultural Considerations

In diverse healthcare settings, understanding and respecting cultural differences among team members is essential. Cultural competence promotes effective communication and collaboration, contributing to a positive team dynamic.

Challenges in Team Dynamics

Despite the benefits of teamwork, challenges may arise, such as communication breakdowns, conflicting priorities, or the need to manage stress and fatigue. Recognizing and addressing these challenges is vital for maintaining a resilient and cohesive team.

Conclusion

Team Dynamics play a pivotal role in the success of BLS efforts. As you delve into the intricacies of this chapter, you will gain insights into fostering effective teamwork, overcoming challenges, and contributing to a collaborative environment that maximizes the potential for positive patient outcomes. Whether you are a healthcare professional, first responder, or part of a community-based response team, understanding and applying Team Dynamics in BLS is a key element in delivering high-quality and timely care during emergencies.

Chapter 13 Good Samaritan Law

The Good Samaritan law is a legal principle designed to protect individuals who voluntarily provide assistance to those who are injured or in danger. The law varies by jurisdiction but generally offers legal protection to bystanders who render aid in emergency situations, shielding them from liability for any unintentional harm that may occur while attempting to help. The purpose of the Good Samaritan law is to encourage people to intervene and provide assistance in emergencies without fear of facing legal repercussions, thus promoting public safety and well-being.

Chapter 14 Introduction to Opioid Overdose

Welcome to the comprehensive exploration of Opioid Overdose, a critical chapter that addresses the growing public health concern surrounding the misuse of opioids. This chapter aims to provide essential knowledge on opioid overdose recognition, response, and empowering individuals to play a crucial role in saving lives during opioid emergencies.

Overview

Opioids are a class of powerful drugs commonly used for pain management. However, the misuse and abuse of opioids, including prescription painkillers and illicit substances like heroin, have led to a significant increase in opioid-related overdoses. This chapter focuses on understanding the signs of opioid overdose, appropriate response measures, and strategies for prevention.

Key Components of Opioid Overdose Chapter

Signs and Symptoms of Opioid Overdose

• Recognize the distinctive signs of an opioid overdose, such as slowed or absent breathing, pinpoint pupils, and loss of consciousness.

Call for Emergency Assistance

• Dial emergency services (e.g., 911) to summon professional medical help. Time is critical in an overdose situation.

Ensure Safety

• Ensure your safety and the safety of others at the scene. Be cautious of any potential risks or dangers.

Naloxone

• Discover the life-saving medication Naloxone, which can reverse the effects of an opioid overdose when administered promptly.

Assemble Naloxone Kit

• If available, assemble the kit. Kits may include pre-filled syringes, auto-injectors, or nasal spray devices. Please note: follow your workplace protocol for administering, whether it is intramuscular, intravenous, or intranasal.

Position the Victim

• Lay the victim on their back. Tilt their head back slightly to open the airway.

Administer Naloxone Nasal Spray

• If using a nasal spray:
• Remove the device from its packaging.
• Hold the device with your thumb on the bottom and two fingers on the nozzle.
• Insert the nozzle into one nostril until your fingers touch the bottom of the victim’s nose.
• Press the plunger to administer the dose.
• Administer half of the dose into each nostril if you have two doses.

Observe and Monitor

• Stay with the victim and monitor their response. Be prepared to administer additional doses if needed.

Encourage Breathing

• Assist the victim in breathing by providing rescue breaths if necessary. Continue CPR if the victim remains unresponsive and without a pulse.

Report to Emergency Services

• Provide details about the Naloxone administration to emergency services when they arrive.

Please Note

• Follow specific instructions provided with the Naloxone kit.
• Always seek professional medical assistance after administering Naloxone.
• If the victim does not respond, continue CPR and administer additional doses as needed until emergency services arrive.

Remember, Naloxone is a temporary measure to reverse opioid overdose effects. It is crucial to seek immediate professional medical help for ongoing care and support. Naloxone: – Discover the life-saving medication Naloxone, which can reverse the effects of an opioid overdose when administered promptly.

Good Samaritan Laws

• Understand the legal protections provided by Good Samaritan laws, which encourage individuals to seek help during an overdose without fear of legal repercussions.

Conclusion

This Opioid Overdose chapter serves as a vital resource for individuals seeking to understand, respond to, and prevent opioid-related emergencies. Whether you are a healthcare professional, first responder, community advocate, or concerned citizen, the knowledge gained from this chapter can make a significant difference in saving lives and contributing to broader efforts in combating the opioid epidemic.

Chapter 15 Conclusion

In conclusion, Basic Life Support (BLS) is a crucial set of skills for responding to life-threatening emergencies. It includes:

• Recognizing cardiac arrest
• Performing high-quality chest compressions
• Providing effective ventilations
• Using an automated external defibrillator (AED)

Mastery of BLS techniques can significantly improve survival rates and outcomes for individuals experiencing cardiac arrest or other critical conditions. By being prepared and trained in BLS, individuals can make a life-saving difference in emergency situations.

Basic Life Support Course Exam